Although cancer is often the focus of attention, antibody-based drugs are developed and approved for many other indications, such as immune-mediated, neurological, ophthalmic and skeletal disorders, as well as cardiovascular/hemostasis, respiratory and infectious diseases. Antibody therapeutics for diseases other than cancer comprise slightly over half (58%) of all antibody products granted their first approval in either the US or European Union (EU), and they comprise approximately half (48%) of the late-stage commercial pipeline. [1]
The number of first approvals of antibodies for non-cancer diseases is expected to be especially high in 2018, with 3 already approved in either the US or EU (burosomab, ibalizumab, tildrakizumab) and another 7 that may be approved by the end of the year. Burosumab (burosumab-twza; Crysvita), which targets fibroblast growth factor 23, was approved in the EU and US in February and April 2018, respectively, for X-linked hypophosphatemia. The anti-CD4 product ibalizumab-uiyk (Trogarzo) was first approved in the US in March 2018 for treatment of patients with multi-drug resistant HIV infection. Tildrakizumab-asmn (Ilumya), which targets interleukin-23p19, was approved in the US in March for treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Antibodies for non-cancer indications that may be approved by the end of the year include three for the prevention of migraine (erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab), two for cardiovascular/hemostasis indications (caplacizumab for the treatment of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; lanadelumab for prevention of hereditary angioedema attacks) and one (emapalumab) for treatment of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, which is a clinical syndrome of hyperinflammation that is lethal if untreated. In addition, romosozumab, which targets sclerostin, is in review in the EU and US as a treatment for osteoporosis, but the US Food and Drug Administration has requested additional clinical data from Phase 3 studies.
Despite the success of antibodies for non-cancer diseases, the percentage of these molecules entering first-in-human studies has recently declined [Figure 1].
Whereas during 2010-2014 antibodies for non-cancer diseases comprised 46-60% of all antibodies entering clinical study each year, they have comprised a declining percentage in all subsequent years (44%, 37% and 22% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively). It must be noted that there was a substantial increase in the total number of antibody therapeutics entering clinical studies during the 2015-17 (ave. 106/year) compared to 2010-2014 (ave. 64/year). Nevertheless, the number of antibodies for non-cancer diseases that entered studies in 2017 was the lowest (so far) in this decade. One reason for this decline may be the current focus of research on antibodies that modulate immune checkpoints or redirect T cells and on immunoconjugates such as antibody-drug conjugates, which are almost exclusively developed as treatments for cancer. While the number of antibodies for non-cancer diseases in Phase 2 studies (~130) is likely sufficient to replenish the number in Phase 3 studies and regulatory review in the short term, early-stage studies of more will be needed to sustain the flow of these therapeutics onto the market well into the future.
[1] Kaplon H, Reichert JM. Antibodies to watch in 2018. MAbs. 2018 Feb/Mar;10(2):183-203.
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