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You are here: Home / Archives for Antibody discovery

In memoriam: Jefferson Foote

December 23, 2020 by The Antibody Society

Written by:
E. Sally Ward (a), Peter Jones (b), Tim Buss (c), Cristina Rada (d), Gregory Winter (e) and Richard Willson (f)

a Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
b Lode, Cambridge, UK
c Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, San Diego, USA
d MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
e Trinity College, Cambridge, UK
f Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Photo courtesy of Kathleen Foote.

Jefferson (Jeff) Foote sadly passed away of pancreatic cancer on January 17, 2020 at the age of 64.  He was a leading figure in physical immunochemistry and antibody humanization, a polymath of broad interests, and a wonderful friend and colleague.  Jeff was born in Chicago and grew up in Tarrytown, NY. Following graduation from Harvard University where he worked in the laboratory of William Lipscomb, he earned his Ph.D. at Berkeley with Howard Schachman, studying the canonical aspartate transcarbamylase system.  In 1985 he moved to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge, where he worked with (now Sir) Greg Winter and then with Cesar Milstein. During his time in Cambridge, Jeff applied his understanding of protein biophysics and interaction kinetics to address problems in immunochemistry, increasingly leveraging the availability of the first emerging crystal structures of antibody-antigen complexes. This was before the BIAcore/surface plasmon resonance era that started in the early 1990s, and the work required a comprehensive knowledge of the inner workings of fluorometers, including stop-flow, and the associated mathematical tools. Jeff imported a Macintosh (“Mac”) culture to the laboratory, which was well-received by other local Mac fans in days when benchtop computers were still something of a novelty and there was a threat of other personal computer models becoming the norm.

Whilst at the LMB, Jeff made significant contributions in areas ranging from state-of-the-art antibody engineering to fundamental aspects of B cell biology, including the first description of the CDR grafting, or humanization, of an antibody specific for a hapten.[1] Jeff applied his expertise to determine the affinities of the test grafts, enabling the design principles of the engineered antibodies to be verified in precise, quantitative terms. This seminal study formed the foundation for the subsequent avalanche of therapeutic antibody humanizations, the first of which was the CD52-specific antibody Campath-1 (Alemtuzumab) generated in the Winter/Waldmann laboratories and used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple sclerosis. In addition, Jeff used the first antibody to be structurally solved in complex with antigen, the anti-lysozyme antibody D1.3, to define how framework residue modifications could restore binding behavior close to that of the donor (rodent) antibody to a humanized antibody.[2] As well as the biophysical characterization of framework mutants, he was also the first to synthesize a “consensus” framework.[2,3]

In parallel to Jeff’s work on antibody humanization, he carried out an extensive analysis with Cesar Milstein on how the maturation of the immune response is accompanied by an increased on-rate of antibodies for binding to their antigen. This study led to the paradigm that the selection of the “fittest” B cells is driven by interaction kinetics.[4] Subsequently, in a second publication with Cesar, Jeff observed that antibodies could undergo switching between different conformations (“conformational isomerism”), resulting in bi- or triphasic interaction kinetics.[5] This not only provided a molecular mechanism for the further diversification of antibodies, but also challenged the longstanding axiom that each lymphocyte produces an antibody with a single combining site.

Jeff was one of those more civilized members of the LMB who drove into work, rather than arriving with the appearance of a half-drowned rat following a cycle ride in the wintry, wet days that were common in Cambridge. Whilst working with Greg Winter in the tiny 5-6 person laboratory known as T4, Jeff relished being in the thick of the day-to-day, frequently frenetic activities. The day usually started with copious quantities of “Java”, an almost toxic, viscous dark brown liquid that kept the group members charged and running. Given that antibody humanization and, subsequently, antibody repertoire work were ongoing in the laboratory at this time, there was rarely a dull moment.

[Read more…]

Filed Under: Antibody discovery, Jeff Foote Tagged With: antibody discovery, antibody engineering

Fighting the Forever-war Against Infectious Diseases

September 16, 2020 by The Antibody Society

Author: Nick Hutchinson, Mammalian Cell Culture, Business Steering Group Lead, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies (nick.hutchinson@fujifilm.com)

The COVID-19 crisis has had a devastating impact on populations across the world and caused the death of hundreds of thousands of people. The Antibody Society spoke to Dr. Jacob Glanville, CEO and President of Distributed Bio, Inc. to learn how his company has approached the development of new antibody therapeutics against the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus. He described how the crisis has stimulated innovation that may revolutionize the way we approach antibody discovery and development once the current pandemic is under control.

Dr Glanville explained, “The problem, when we think of every major outbreak, such as Ebola, SARS, MERS, Swine Flu, Avian Flu, is that the time it takes to develop a new drug is too long compared to the speed with which we need it. De novo discovery is too slow.”

To develop antibody therapeutics against COVID-19 as quickly as possible, Distributed Bio identified anti-SARS antibodies from almost 20 years ago that researchers had already shown would neutralize the SARS virus in vitro, protect mice from lethal challenge, and had known crystal structures. These antibodies have been studied extensively but were eventually too late to have an impact on the SARS crisis of 2003. It was Glanville’s idea to take advantage of the detailed functional research already performed on these antibodies and, try to retrofit them to bind to the new version of their original target the virus SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, Distributed Bio applied their Tumbler technology, a computationally-guided antibody optimization method, capable of producing a library of billions of variants of individual antibodies exploring variations of all six complementarity-determining regions simultaneously.

“The novel coronavirus has around 74% homology in identity with the SARS receptor binding domain. I knew exactly how similar they were to the novel coronavirus as we had crystal structures of the SARS epitope. I believed that if we took five anti-SARS antibodies, there was going to be a pretty good chance that we would be able to adapt them to be a potent medicine against COVID-19,” said Glanville. “We already knew that they had the correct function, that they bound the right epitope in the right orientation with the right elbow angles. I believed that we could optimize them and enhance their affinity by making billions of versions of the antibodies within the library,” he continued.

According to Glanville, this is crucially important because historically, with outbreaks such as Ebola, the first antibodies launched were essentially prototypes with low potency or had inferior characteristics such as poor thermostability. It was the best-in-class not the first antibody that was successful, ultimately.

Distributed Bio were able to adapt all five antibodies in just nine weeks, a testament to the remarkable speed of these novel technologies. They sent a set of the most promising candidates to five laboratories which independently confirmed their ability to bind to the new SARS-CoV-2. The company then selected the two most potent antibodies for in-vivo testing, and two laboratories confirmed independently that both candidates protected healthy, as well as immuno-compromised animals using hamster models.

[Read more…]

Filed Under: Antibody discovery, Antibody therapeutic, Coronavirus, COVID-19 Tagged With: antibody therapeutics, SARS-CoV-2

Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics Europe Poster Competition Winners Announced!

August 7, 2020 by Janice Reichert

Congratulations to our winners!

To recognize the research activities of promising student and postdoctoral attendees of Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics Europe, The Antibody Society sponsors a competition for members who submit posters for display at the meeting. Our judges select the best work based on originality, relevance and perceived impact on the field of antibody research and development.

This year, our judges selected one student and one postdoc winners who receive: 1) complimentary registration to all conference sessions; 2) an opportunity to give a short oral presentation of their work in one of the conference sessions; and 3) a lovely crystal award.

The winners of the contest are:

Ms. Monica Fernandez-Quintero (University of Innsbruck)
Poster title: Antibodies exhibit multiple paratope states that can differ in VH-VL domain orientations

Dr. Christian Fercher (University of Queensland)
Poster title: Development of Reagentless Fluorescence Immunosensors for Continuous Analyte Monitoring

Please join us for the virtual Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics Europe conference on August 24-27, 2020.

Society members receive a 15% discount on the registration fee. Contact us at membership@antibodysociety.org for the code.

Filed Under: Antibody discovery, Antibody therapeutic, Award for Excellence Tagged With: antibody therapeutics

Antibodies to Watch in a Pandemic

June 15, 2020 by Janice Reichert

Broadcast Date: June 30, 2020
Time: 8:00 am PT, 11:00 am ET, 17:00 CET

The extraordinary scope and scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has elicited extraordinary responses world-wide. Organizations located across the globe have mobilized teams to research the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19, conduct clinical studies of repurposed biologics, and research and develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 biologics. Disruptions at companies and regulatory agencies, however, have raised concerns about the effects of the pandemic on possible approvals of non-COVID-19 antibody therapeutics.

In this webinar, Dr. Janice Reichert (The Antibody Society) will provide an update on non-COVID-19 antibody therapeutics approved so far in 2020, and those that might be approved by the end of the year. She will also discuss the ~ 140 biologics currently in development for COVID-19, which includes over 55 repurposed biologics and over 85 anti-SARS-CoV-2 biologics.

Additionally, Dr. Thomas Schirrmann (YUMAB) will present a case study of an academic and industrial consortium for the fast-track development of a SARS-CoV-2 antibody therapy. He will highlight the challenges of discovering and developing an antibody drug during the present pandemic.

A live Q&A session will follow the presentations, offering you a chance to pose questions to our expert speakers.

Speakers: Dr. Thomas Schirrmann and Dr. Janice Reichert
Date: June 30th, 11am EST, 5pm CEST.

Click Here to Register!

Filed Under: Antibody discovery, COVID-19 Tagged With: antibody discovery, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2

James S. Huston – In Memoriam

April 8, 2020 by The Antibody Society

Post written by: Richard Begent, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor of Oncology, University College London

James S. Huston Jr, Ph.D., antibody engineer and founding President of The Antibody Society, died in Boston on March 25, 2020.

Jim Huston was a distinguished biophysicist and a pioneering antibody engineer; his creation of the single chain Fv (scFv) antibody was a seminal advance. These genetically encoded molecules could express the vast diversity of antibody repertoires, and could be used for specific target binding by themselves, incorporated into multifunctional molecules, attached to cell surfaces or applied in any number of formats relevant to biomedicine.

Antibodies with their multiple functions, including the capacity for specific binding to a range of targets, became practical pharmaceuticals with the advent of monoclonal antibodies as described by Köhler and Milstein in 1975. Genetic manipulation humanized the constant regions, making repeated administration feasible with widespread benefits for human health.

It was evident that the smallest target recognition moiety of antibodies, the variable region (Fv), if produced separately could be linked to many agents, conferring exquisite binding specificity. Since the VH and VL domains are separate in the native form of the Fv, they needed to be joined in a way that retained stability, the binding performance of the two components together, and appropriate flexibility.

Jim proposed doing this with one genetic construct that encoded a single-chain Fv (scFv) in which the VH and VL were joined by a flexible linker. The design issues were complex, but, consummate biophysicist that he was, he translated the requirements into a successful design for the linker. Working with colleagues at Creative Biomolecules, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, an sFv reactive with digoxin was successfully produced and tested. The report (Huston et al 1988) of this work has been cited more than 2,300 times.

scFvs are readily expressed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage and have often been the basis for naïve human antibody libraries with potential for rapid selection of desired binders from diverse libraries of many millions. This technology can be used for antibody discovery and humanization, and it has been the foundation of many successful commercial ventures. Jim’s own work included the demonstration of scFv fusion proteins and the first scFv intrabody therapy for the neurodegenerative condition, Huntington’s disease, an approach that is now being investigated in Parkinson’s disease.

The scFv format itself forms the targeting basis of T-cell recruiting agents, bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), the antigen binding moiety of CAR-T cells. A number of products based on these formats are already licensed for clinical use, while several others are in development. This is an important beginning, but the potential for further applications is great because of the diversity of antibody repertoires and the robust nature of the sFv format.

Jim graduated in Chemistry from the University of Michigan and was awarded his Ph.D. for work on the Fd fragment of IgG and its domains, supervised by Professor Charles Tanford at Duke University. After postdoctoral research at Stanford and Harvard Medical Schools, he joined Creative Biomolecules in Boston in 1983 where he undertook the original work on scFvs. There followed numerous publications and patents relating to engineered antibodies and their applications.

Jim was one of the first people to see the long-term potential of antibody engineering and recognize how broad the applications could be. His lectures on this topic gave a unique experience in that one sometimes seemed to be discovering the meaning of his data simultaneously with him. Those who had the privilege of working with him benefited greatly not only from his generosity, enthusiasm, intellectual rigor and encouragement, but also from his ability to advise wisely or find the appropriate expert. He took the mission of advancing antibody engineering to an international level by serving as the scientific adviser to the Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics meetings for nearly 30 years. Over time, he brought the antibody engineering and therapeutics community together at meetings in San Diego and elsewhere. His insistence that scientific quality and education were the principal criteria for the program resulted in progressive growth and helped to cement a culture encompassing academia and industry. Building on this, he co-founded The Antibody Society in 2007 and was the Founding President and Chairman, remaining a Board Member until his death. He shared the gratification of many that, after a long gestation, antibody engineering is proving so beneficial to human health, with the promise of much more to come.

Jim’s many friends around the world will remember his love of life based on a deep Episcopalian faith, his pride and joy in his family, and the fortitude with which he bore illness over recent years.

The Antibody Society will honor Jim Huston and his many contributions to the field of antibody engineering at our next annual meeting.

Filed Under: Antibody discovery Tagged With: antibody engineering

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