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FDA approves Inmazeb for Ebola virus infection

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On October 14, 2020, FDA approved the triple antibody cocktail of atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab-ebgn (Inmazeb) for the treatment for Zaire ebolavirus (Ebola virus) infection in adult and pediatric patients. Atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab are IgG1 antibodies that bind glycoprotein on the surface of Ebola virus, thereby blocking attachment and entry of the virus into cells. FDA granted the atoltivimab, maftivimab, and odesivimab cocktail Breakthrough Therapy and Orphan Drug designations for the approved indication. Inmazeb was developed by Regeneron.

The effects of Inmazeb were evaluated in adult and pediatric patients with confirmed infections that occurred during an Ebola virus outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2018 and 2019. In the Pamoja Tulinde Maisha (PALM) study (NCT03719586), a 4-arm trial evaluating investigational therapies for Ebola virus infection initiated in November 2018, 154 patients received Inmazeb  as a single IV infusion of 50 mg of each monoclonal antibody. The primary efficacy endpoint was 28-day mortality. At this timepoint, 33% of those who received Inmazeb had died vs 51% of those who received a control. Inmazeb was also made available in an expanded access program, which included an additional 228 patients who received Inmazeb. The PALM study was sponsored by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, with collaborators from Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (Democratic Republic of Congo); the Alliance for International Medical Action (Senegal); International Medical Corps, Los Angeles (US); Epicentre, Médecins sans Frontières, (France); and the World Health Organization (Switzerland).

Inmazeb is the 9th antibody therapeutic to be granted a first approval in the US or EU in 2020.

The Antibody Society maintains a comprehensive table of approved monoclonal antibody therapeutics and those in regulatory review in the EU or US. The table, which is located in the Web Resources section of the Society’s website, can be downloaded in Excel format.

Emergency use authorization requests for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies under FDA review

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On October 7, 2020, Eli Lilly and Company and Regeneron announced that they have submitted requests to the  U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for emergency use authorizations (EUA) of their anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies.

Lilly’s EUA request is for bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) monotherapy in higher-risk patients who have been recently diagnosed with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. According to the company, up to 100,000 doses of 700 mg LY-CoV555 monotherapy may be available in October, and one million doses available in Q4 2020.

The combination of LY-CoV555 and LY-CoV016, which bind complementary regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, for the treatment of symptomatic COVID-19 in an outpatient setting is also being evaluated. Lilly anticipates submission of an EUA request for combination therapy in November, and may have data to support a biologics license application submission for combination therapy as early as Q2 2021.

Regeneron’s EUA request is for REGN-COV2, which is a combination of two anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (REGN10933 and REGN10987). Regeneron was granted a $450 million contract to manufacture and supply REGN-COV2 by the US government, which has committed to making the doses available to Americans for free. The agreement covers a fixed number of bulk lots that are intended to be completed in the fall of 2020, as well as fill/finish and storage activities. At the time of the EUA request, Regeneron had doses available for ~ 50,000 patients, and expects to have doses available for a total of 300,000 patients within several months.

The Antibody Society is tracking the progress of recombinant biologic COVID-19 interventions in preclinical and clinical studies. Summary data for all anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in clinical studies can be found here.

Antibodies to Watch in a Pandemic

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The extraordinary scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has elicited extraordinary responses world-wide, but the resulting disruptions have raised concerns about delays in approval of non-COVID-19 antibody therapeutics.

As part of the virtual Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics Europe conference, Dr. Janice Reichert, Executive Director of The Antibody Society,  provided an update on non-COVID-19 antibody therapeutics approved so far in 2020, and those that might be approved by the end of the year. She also discussed the biologics currently in development for COVID-19, which includes over 50 repurposed biologics and over 80 anti-SARS-CoV-2 biologics.

Broadcast date: Thursday August 27, 2020.

Updated presentation slides can be downloaded here.

Dataset of commercially sponsored biologic COVID-19 interventions can be downloaded here.

FDA issues Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 convalescent plasma

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On August 23, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. CCP is human plasma collected by FDA-registered blood establishments from individuals whose plasma contains anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and who meet all donor eligibility requirements and are qualified. Titer levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are determined by the Ortho VITROS SARS-CoV-2 IgG test before units of CCP are released. Units found to have a signal-to-cutoff ratio of 12 or greater qualify as High Titer COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma.

Based on scientific evidence available, the FDA concluded CCP may be effective in treating COVID-19, and that the known and potential benefits of CCP outweigh the known and potential risks of the product. The EUA authorizes the distribution of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in the U.S. and its administration by health care providers, as appropriate, to treat suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Data obtained from the ongoing National Convalescent Plasma Expanded Access Protocol (EAP) sponsored by the Mayo Clinic was included in FDA assessment. This uncontrolled, single-arm study was established in April 2020 to provide access to COVID-19 convalescent plasma in hospitalized subjects with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 or judged by the treating provider to be at high risk of progression to severe or life-threatening disease. As of August 13, 2020, over 90,000 patients have been enrolled. Data from the EAP posted online on August 12, 2020 reveals trends toward reduced mortality when patients receive CCP with higher antibody levels and at earlier time points. According to FDA’s decision memorandum:

  • In the subset of non-intubated patients, there was a 21% reduction in 7-day mortality (from 14% to 11%, p=0.03) in subjects transfused with high versus low titer CCP.
  • In the subgroup of patients less than 80 years of age who were not intubated and who were within 72 hours of diagnosis, a significant reduction in 7-day mortality from 11.3 to 6.3% (p = 0.0008) was observed when titers are binned to low versus high.
  • Survival trends observed at 7 days persisted over a longer time period, with significantly improved survival in non-intubated patients (p=0.032) and a larger benefit in the subset of patients not intubated at the time of treatment, less than 80 years of age, who were treated within 72 hours of diagnosis (p=0.0081)

However, there was no difference in 7-day survival in the overall population between subjects transfused with high versus low titer CCP, and there was no apparent association between neutralizing antibody titers and 7-day mortality in intubated subjects.

Information from the EUA and clinical studies of CCP may inform the development of other biologic COVID-19 interventions, such as recombinant anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.  The Antibody Society is currently tracking 10 such antibodies in clinical studies or with clinical studies pending. We will report on the progress of these molecules and other COVID-19 interventions in the future.

Satralizumab-mwge (ENSPRYNG) granted FDA approval

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On August 14, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration approved satralizumab-mwge (ENSPRYNG) for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in adult patients who are anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody positive. NMOSD is a rare autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system that primarily damages the optic nerve(s) and spinal cord, causing blindness, muscle weakness and paralysis. ENSPRYNG was previously approved in Canada, Japan and Switzerland. Applications are under review with other regulatory agencies, including in the European Union and China.

ENSPRYNG is a recombinant humanized IgG2 antibody targeting interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor. The efficacy of ENSPRYNG for the treatment of NMOSD in adult patients was established in two studies. SAkuraStar (NCT02073279) was a randomized (2:1), placebo-controlled trial in 95 patients without concurrent immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in which 64 patients were anti-AQP4 antibody positive and 31 patients were anti-AQP4 antibody negative. SAkuraSky (NCT02028884) was a randomized (1:1), placebo-controlled trial in 76 adult patients with concurrent IST. Of these, 52 adult patients were anti-AQP4 antibody positive and 24 adult patients were anti-AQP4 antibody negative. In the SAkuraStar monotherapy study’s AQP4 antibody positive subgroup, 76.5% of Enspryng-treated patients were relapse-free at 96 weeks, compared to 41.1% with placebo. In the SAkuraSky study, which evaluated Enspryng when used concurrently with baseline IST, 91.1% of Enspryng-treated AQP4 antibody positive subgroup patients were relapse-free at 96 weeks, compared to 56.8% with placebo. Based on results of the clinical studies, the recommended loading dosage of ENSPRYNG for the first three administrations is 120 mg by subcutaneous injection at Weeks 0, 2, and 4, followed by a maintenance dosage of 120 mg every 4 weeks.

Satralizumab-mwge is the 8th antibody therapeutic to be granted a first approval in the US or EU in 2020.

The Antibody Society maintains a comprehensive table of approved monoclonal antibody therapeutics and those in regulatory review in the EU or US. The table, which is located in the Web Resources section of the Society’s website, can be downloaded in Excel format. Information about other antibody therapeutics that may enter regulatory review in 2020 can be found in ‘Antibodies to watch in 2020’.